The Principles of Newspeak

О новоязе

Прынцыпы навамоўя

Newspeak was the official language of Oceania and had been devised to meet the ideological needs of Ingsoc, or English Socialism. In the year 1984 there was not as yet anyone who used Newspeak as his sole means of communication, either in speech or writing. The leading articles in The Times were written in it, but this was a tour de force which could only be carried out by a specialist. It was expected that Newspeak would have finally superseded Oldspeak (or Standard English, as we should call it) by about the year 2050. Meanwhile it gained ground steadily, all Party members tending to use Newspeak words and grammatical constructions more and more in their everyday speech. The version in use in 1984, and embodied in the Ninth and Tenth Editions of the Newspeak Dictionary, was a provisional one, and contained many superfluous words and archaic formations which were due to be suppressed later. It is with the final, perfected version, as embodied in the Eleventh Edition of the Dictionary, that we are concerned here.

The purpose of Newspeak was not only to provide a medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotees of Ingsoc, but to make all other modes of thought impossible. It was intended that when Newspeak had been adopted once and for all and Oldspeak forgotten, a heretical thought – that is, a thought diverging from the principles of Ingsoc – should be literally unthinkable, at least so far as thought is dependent on words. Its vocabulary was so constructed as to give exact and often very subtle expression to every meaning that a Party member could properly wish to express, while excluding all other meanings and also the possibility of arriving at them by indirect methods. This was done partly by the invention of new words, but chiefly by eliminating undesirable words and by stripping such words as remained of unorthodox meanings, and so far as possible of all secondary meanings whatever. To give a single example. The word free still existed in Newspeak, but it could only be used in such statements as 'This dog is free from lice' or 'This field is free from weeds'. It could not be used in its old sense of ' politically free' or 'intellectually free' since political and intellectual freedom no longer existed even as concepts, and were therefore of necessity nameless. Quite apart from the suppression of definitely heretical words, reduction of vocabulary was regarded as an end in itself, and no word that could be dispensed with was allowed to survive. Newspeak was designed not to extend but to diminish the range of thought, and this purpose was indirectly assisted by cutting the choice of words down to a minimum.

Новояз должен был не только обеспечить знаковыми средствами мировоззрение и мыслительную деятельность приверженцев ангсоца, но и сделать невозможными любые иные течения мысли. Предполагалось, что, когда новояз утвердится навеки, а старояз будет забыт, неортодоксальная, то есть чуждая ангсоцу, мысль, постольку поскольку она выражается в словах, станет буквально немыслимой. Лексика была сконструирована так, чтобы точно, а зачастую и весьма тонко выразить любое дозволенное значение, нужное члену партии, а кроме того, отсечь все остальные значения, равно как и возможности прийти к ним окольными путями. Это достигалось изобретением новых слов, но в основном исключением слов нежелательных и очищением оставшихся от неортодоксальных значений – по возможности от всех побочных значений. Приведем только один пример. Слово "свободный" в новоязе осталось, но его можно было использовать лишь в таких высказываниях, как "свободные сапоги", "туалет свободен". Оно не употреблялось в старом значении "политически свободный", "интеллектуально свободный", поскольку свобода мысли и политическая свобода не существовали даже как понятия, а следовательно, не требовали обозначений. Помимо отмены неортодоксальных смыслов, сокращение словаря рассматривалось как самоцель, и все слова, без которых можно обойтись, подлежали изъятию. Новояз был призван не расширить, а сузить горизонты мысли, и косвенно этой цели служило то, что выбор слов сводили к минимуму.

Newspeak was founded on the English language as we now know it, though many Newspeak sentences, even when not containing newly-created words, would be barely intelligible to an English-speaker of our own day. Newspeak words were divided into three distinct classes, known as the A vocabulary, the B vocabulary (also called compound words), and the C vocabulary. It will be simpler to discuss each class separately, but the grammatical peculiarities of the language can be dealt with in the section devoted to the A vocabulary, since the same rules held good for all three categories.