The Principles of Newspeak

О новоязе

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The B vocabulary.

Словарь B

Слоўнік В

The B vocabulary consisted of words which had been deliberately constructed for political purposes: words, that is to say, which not only had in every case a political implication, but were intended to impose a desirable mental attitude upon the person using them. Without a full understanding of the principles of Ingsoc it was difficult to use these words correctly. In some cases they couId be translated into Oldspeak, or even into words taken from the A vocabulary, but this usually demanded a long paraphrase and always involved the loss of certain overtones. The B words were a sort of verbal shorthand, often packing whole ranges of ideas into a few syllables, and at the same time more accurate and forcible than ordinary language.

The B words were in all cases compound words.

They consisted of two or more words, or portions of words, welded together in an easily pronounceable form. The resulting amalgam was always a noun-verb, and inflected according to the ordinary rules. To take a single example: the word goodthink, meaning, very roughly, 'orthodoxy', or, if one chose to regard it as a verb, 'to think in an orthodox manner'. This inflected as follows: noun-verb, goodthink; past tense and past participle, goodthinked; present participle, good- thinking; adjective, goodthinkful; adverb, goodthinkwise; verbal noun, goodthinker.

The B words were not constructed on any etymological plan. The words of which they were made up could be any parts of speech, and could be placed in any order and mutilated in any way which made them easy to pronounce while indicating their derivation. In the word crimethink (thoughtcrime), for instance, the think came second, whereas in thinkpol Thought Police) it came first, and in the latter word police had lost its second syllable. Because of the great difficuIty in securing euphony, irregular formations were commoner in the B vocabulary than in the A vocabulary. For example, the adjective forms of Minitrue, Minipax, and Miniluv were, respectively, Minitruthful, Minipeaceful, and Minilovely, simply because- trueful,-paxful, and-loveful were slightly awkward to pronounce. In principle, however, all B words could inflect, and all inflected in exactly the same way.

Some of the B words had highly subtilized meanings, barely intelligible to anyone who had not mastered the language as a whole. Consider, for example, such a typical sentence from a Times leading article as Oldthinkers unbellyfeel Ingsoc. The shortest rendering that one could make of this in Oldspeak would be: 'Those whose ideas were formed before the Revolution cannot have a full emotional understanding of the principles of English Socialism.' But this is not an adequate translation. To begin with, in order to grasp the full meaning of the Newspeak sentence quoted above, one would have to have a clear idea of what is meant by Ingsoc. And in addition, only a person thoroughly grounded in Ingsoc could appreciate the full force of the word bellyfeel, which implied a blind, enthusiastic acceptance difficult to imagine today; or of the word oldthink, which was inextricably mixed up with the idea of wickedness and decadence. But the special function of certain Newspeak words, of which oldthink was one, was not so much to express meanings as to destroy them. These words, necessarily few in number, had had their meanings extended until they contained within themselves whole batteries of words which, as they were sufficiently covered by a single comprehensive term, could now be scrapped and forgotten. The greatest difficulty facing the compilers of the Newspeak Dictionary was not to invent new words, but, having invented them, to make sure what they meant: to make sure, that is to say, what ranges of words they cancelled by their existence.

As we have already seen in the case of the word free, words which had once borne a heretical meaning were sometimes retained for the sake of convenience, but only with the undesirable meanings purged out of them. Countless other words such as honour, justice, morality, internationalism, democracy, science, and religion had simply ceased to exist. A few blanket words covered them, and, in covering them, abolished them. All words grouping themselves round the concepts of liberty and equality, for instance, were contained in the single word crimethink, while all words grouping themselves round the concepts of objectivity and rationalism were contained in the single word oldthink. Greater precision would have been dangerous. What was required in a Party member was an outlook similar to that of the ancient Hebrew who knew, without knowing much else, that all nations other than his own worshipped 'false gods'. He did not need to know that these gods were called Baal, Osiris, Moloch, Ashtaroth, and the like: probably the less he knew about them the better for his orthodoxy. He knew Jehovah and the commandments of Jehovah: he knew, therefore, that all gods with other names or other attributes were false gods. In somewhat the same way, the party member knew what constituted right conduct, and in exceedingly vague, generalized terms he knew what kinds of departure from it were possible. His sexual life, for example, was entirely regulated by the two Newspeak words sexcrime (sexual immorality) and goodsex (chastity). Sexcrime covered all sexual misdeeds whatever. It covered fornication, adultery, homosexuality, and other perversions, and, in addition, normal intercourse practised for its own sake. There was no need to enumerate them separately, since they were all equally culpable, and, in principle, all punishable by death. In the C vocabulary, which consisted of scientific and technical words, it might be necessary to give specialized names to certain sexual aberrations, but the ordinary citizen had no need of them. He knew what was meant by goodsex – that is to say, normal intercourse between man and wife, for the sole purpose of begetting children, and without physical pleasure on the part of the woman: all else was sexcrime. In Newspeak it was seldom possible to follow a heretical thought further than the perception that it was heretical: beyond that point the necessary words were nonexistent.

Как мы уже видели на примере слова "свободный", некоторые слова, прежде имевшие вредный смысл, иногда сохранялись ради удобства – но очищенными от нежелательных значений. Бесчисленное множество слов, таких, как "честь", "справедливость", "мораль", "интернационализм", "демократия", "религия", "наука", просто перестали существовать. Их покрывали и тем самым отменяли несколько обобщающих слов. Например, все слова, группировавшиеся вокруг понятий свободы и равенства, содержались в одном слове "мыслепреступление", а слова, группировавшиеся вокруг понятий рационализма и объективности, – в слове "старомыслие". Большая точность была бы опасна. По своим воззрениям член партии должен был напоминать древнего еврея, который знал, не вникая в подробности, что все остальные народы поклоняются "ложным богам". Ему не надо было знать, что имена этих богов – Ваал, Осирис, Молох, Астарта и т. д.; чем меньше он о них знает, тем полезнее для его правоверности. Он знал Иегову и заветы Иеговы, а поэтому знал, что все боги с другими именами и другими атрибутами – ложные боги. Подобным образом член партии знал, что такое правильное поведение, и до крайности смутно, лишь в общих чертах представлял себе, какие отклонения от него возможны. Его половая жизнь, например, полностью регулировалась двумя новоязовскими словами: "злосекс" (половая аморальность) и "добросекс" (целомудрие). "Злосекс" покрывал все нарушения в этой области. Им обозначались блуд, прелюбодеяние, гомосексуализм и другие извращения, а кроме того, нормальное совокупление, рассматриваемое как самоцель. Не было нужды называть их по отдельности, все были преступлениями и в принципе карались смертью. В словаре С, состоявшем из научных и технических слов, для некоторых сексуальных нарушений могли понадобиться отдельные термины, но рядовой гражданин в них не нуждался. Он знал, что такое "добросекс", то есть нормальное сожительство мужчины и женщины с целью зачатия и без физического удовольствия для женщины. Все остальное – "злосекс". Новояз почти не давал возможности проследить за вредной мыслью дальше того пункта, что она вредна; дальше не было нужных слов.

No word in the B vocabulary was ideologically neutral. A great many were euphemisms. Such words, for instance, as joycamp (forced-labour camp) or Minipax Ministry of Peace, i. e. Ministry of War) meant almost the exact opposite of what they appeared to mean. Some words, on the other hand, displayed a frank and contemptuous understanding of the real nature of Oceanic society. An example was prolefeed, meaning the rubbishy entertainment and spurious news which the Party handed out to the masses. Other words, again, were ambivalent, having the connotation 'good' when applied to the Party and 'bad' when applied to its enemies. But in addition there were great numbers of words which at first sight appeared to be mere abbreviations and which derived their ideological colour not from their meaning, but from their structure.

В словаре В не было ни одного идеологически нейтрального слова. Многие являлись эвфемизмами. Такие слова, например, как "радлаг" (лагерь радости, т. е. каторжный лагерь) или "минимир" (министерство мира, то есть министерство войны), обозначали нечто противоположное тому, что они говорили. Другие слова, напротив, демонстрировали откровенное и презрительное понимание подлинной природы строя, например, "нарпит", означавший низкосортные развлечения и лживые новости, которые партия скармливала массам. Были и двусмысленные слова – с "хорошим" оттенком, когда их применяли к партии, и с "плохим", когда их применяли к врагам. Кроме того, существовало множество слов, которые на первый взгляд казались просто сокращениями, – идеологическую окраску им придавало не значение, а их структура.

So far as it could be contrived, everything that had or might have political significance of any kind was fitted into the B vocabulary. The name of every organization, or body of people, or doctrine, or country, or institution, or public building, was invariably cut down into the familiar shape; that is, a single easily pronounced word with the smallest number of syllables that would preserve the original derivation. In the Ministry of Truth, for example, the Records Department, in which Winston Smith worked, was called Recdep, the Fiction Department was called Ficdep, the Teleprogrammes Department was called Teledep, and so on. This was not done solely with the object of saving time. Even in the early decades of the twentieth century, telescoped words and phrases had been one of the characteristic features of political language; and it had been noticed that the tendency to use abbreviations of this kind was most marked in totalitarian countries and totalitarian organizations. Examples were such words as Nazi, Gestapo, Comin- tern, Inprecorr, Agitprop. In the beginning the practice had been adopted as it were instinctively, but in Newspeak it was used with a conscious purpose. It was perceived that in thus abbreviating a name one narrowed and subtly altered its meaning, by cutting out most of the associations that would otherwise cling to it. The words Communist International, for instance, call up a composite picture of universal human brotherhood, red flags, barricades, Karl Marx, and the Paris Commune. The word Comintern, on the other hand, suggests merely a tightly-knit organization and a well-defined body of doctrine. It refers to something almost as easily recognized, and as limited in purpose, as a chair or a table. Comintern is a word that can be uttered almost without taking thought, whereas Communist International is a phrase over which one is obliged to linger at least momentarily. In the same way, the associations called up by a word like Minitrue are fewer and more controllable than those called up by Ministry of Truth. This accounted not only for the habit of abbreviating whenever possible, but also for the almost exaggerated care that was taken to make every word easily pronounceable.

Настолько, насколько позволяла человеческая изобретательность, все, что имело или могло иметь политический смысл, было сведено в словарь В. Названия всех организаций, групп, доктрин, стран, институтов, общественных зданий кроились по привычной схеме: одно удобопроизносимое слово с наименьшим числом слогов, позволяющих понять его происхождение. В министерстве правды отдел документации, где работал Уинстон Смит, назывался доко, отдел литературы – лито, отдел телепрограмм – телео и т. д. Делалось это не только для экономии времени. Слова-цепни стали одной из характерных особенностей политического языка еще в первой четверти XX века; особенная тяга к таким сокращениям, была отмечена в тоталитарных странах и тоталитарных организациях. Примерами могут служить такие слова, как "наци", "гестапо", "коминтерн", "агитпроп". Сначала к этому методу прибегали, так сказать, инстинктивно, в новоязе же он практиковался с осознанной целью. Стало ясно, что, сократив таким образом имя, ты сузил и незаметно изменил его смысл, ибо отрезал большинство вызываемых им ассоциаций. Слова "Коммунистический Интернационал" приводят на ум сложную картину: всемирное человеческое братство, красные флаги, баррикады, Карл Маркс, Парижская коммуна. Слово же "Коминтерн" напоминает всего лишь о крепко спаянной организации и жесткой системе доктрин. Оно относится к предмету столь же легко узнаваемому и столь же ограниченному в своем назначении, как стол или стул. "Коминтерн" – это слово, которое можно произнести, почти не размышляя, в то время как "Коммунистический Интернационал" заставляет пусть на миг, но задуматься. Подобным же образом "миниправ" вызывает гораздо меньше ассоциаций (и их легче предусмотреть), чем "министерство правды". Этим объяснялось не только стремление сокращать все, что можно, но и на первый взгляд преувеличенная забота о том, чтобы слово легко было выговорить.

In Newspeak, euphony outweighed every consideration other than exactitude of meaning. Regularity of grammar was always sacrificed to it when it seemed necessary. And rightly so, since what was required, above all for political purposes, was short clipped words of unmistakable meaning which could be uttered rapidly and which roused the minimum of echoes in the speaker's mind. The words of the B vocabulary even gained in force from the fact that nearly all of them were very much alike. Almost invariably these words – goodthink, Minipax, prolefeed, sexcrime, joycamp, Ingsoc, bellyfeel, thinkpol, and countless others – were words of two or three syllables, with the stress distributed equally between the first syllable and the last. The use of them encouraged a gabbling style of speech, at once staccato and monotonous. And this was exactly what was aimed at. The intention was to make speech, and especially speech on any subject not ideologically neutral, as nearly as possible independent of consciousness. For the purposes of everyday life it was no doubt necessary, or sometimes necessary, to reflect before speaking, but a Party member called upon to make a political or ethical judgement should be able to spray forth the correct opinions as automatically as a machine gun spraying forth bullets. His training fitted him to do this, the language gave him an almost foolproof instrument, and the texture of the words, with their harsh sound and a certain wilful ugliness which was in accord with the spirit of Ingsoc, assisted the process still further.

Благозвучие перевешивало все остальные соображения, кроме ясности смысла. Когда надо было, регулярность грамматики неизменно приносилась ему в жертву. И справедливо – ибо для политических целей прежде всего требовались четкие стриженые слова, которые имели ясный смысл, произносились быстро и рождали минимальное количество отзвуков в сознании слушателя. А от того, что все они были скроены на один лад, слова В только прибавляли в весе. Многие из них – ангсоц, злосекс, радлаг, нарпит, старомысл, мыслепол (полиция мыслей) – были двух- и трехсложными, причем ударения падали и на первый и на последний слог. Они побуждали человека тараторить, речь его становилась отрывистой и монотонной. Это как раз и требовалось. Задача состояла в том, чтобы сделать речь – в особенности такую, которая касалась идеологических тем, – по возможности независимой от сознания. В повседневной жизни, разумеется, необходимо – по крайней мере иногда необходимо – подумать, перед тем как заговоришь; партиец же, которому предстояло высказаться по политическому или этическому вопросу, должен был выпускать правильные суждения автоматически, как выпускает очередь пулемет. Обучением он подготовлен к этому, новояз – его орудие – предохранит его от ошибок, фактура слов с их жестким звучанием и преднамеренным уродством, отвечающим духу ангсоца, еще больше облегчит ему дело.

So did the fact of having very few words to choose from. Relative to our own, the Newspeak vocabulary was tiny, and new ways of reducing it were constantly being devised. Newspeak, indeed, differed from most all other languages in that its vocabulary grew smaller instead of larger every year. Each reduction was a gain, since the smaller the area of choice, the smaller the temptation to take thought. Ultimately it was hoped to make articulate speech issue from the larynx without involving the higher brain centres at all. This aim was frankly admitted in the Newspeak word duckspeak, meaning ' to quack like a duck'. Like various other words in the B vocabulary, duckspeak was ambivalent in meaning. Provided that the opinions which were quacked out were orthodox ones, it implied nothing but praise, and when The Times referred to one of the orators of the Party as a doubleplusgood duckspeaker it was paying a warm and valued compliment.

Облегчалось оно еще и тем, что выбор слов был крайне скудный. По сравнению с нашим языком лексикон новояза был ничтожен, и все время изобретались новые способы его сокращения. От других языков новояз отличался тем, что словарь его с каждым годом не увеличивался, а уменьшался. Каждое сокращение было успехом, ибо чем меньше выбор слов, тем меньше искушение задуматься. Предполагалось, что в конце концов членораздельная речь будет рождаться непосредственно в гортани, без участия высших нервных центров. На эту цель прямо указывало новоязовское слово "речекряк", то есть "крякающий по-утиному". Как и некоторые другие слова В, "речекряк" имел двойственное значение. Если крякали в ортодоксальном смысле, это слово было не чем иным, как похвалой, и, когда "Таймс" писала об одном из партийных ораторов: "идейно крепкий речекряк", – это был весьма теплый и лестный отзыв.